Lesson 21
Slide 1 In recent decades, the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease (ischemic or hemorrhagic) in Western countries has grown exponentially, due to increasing median age in the general population and worsening of cardiovascular risk factors. The same factors underlie chronic obliterative arteriopathy (COA)
Lesson 20
Atherosclerosis is a degenerative-inflammatory disease, characterized by the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol and other substances in the arterial wall, with formation of fibroid or calcified, flat or vegetating plaques, altering arterial wall structure, trophism and elasticity. This can favor the formation
Lesson 19
Slide 1 The abdominal venous drainage occurs through two major systems: the portal venous system and the inferior vena cava (IVC). These two systems have separate abdominal, pelvic, and lower limb drainage. Still, they join near the diaphragmatic venous foramen before
Lesson 18
Slide 1 B-Mode ultrasound examination and Doppler analysis enable to analyze a lot of morphofunctional parameters, such as the region vascular anatomy, vascular caliber, course and anomalies, wall quality related to vessel collapsibility and distensibility, as response to venous pressure or
Lesson 16
Slide 1 The spleen is often a neglected and little-studied organ, especially by beginners, since it has a very high and posterior location in the left hypochondrium, it is often conceiled by gas and gastric ingesta, air in the left colic
Lesson 15
The female gonads in the pelvis will not be thoroughly examined and their study will be limited to the description of the uterus, ovaries and main pathologies, occasionally detected during a transabdominal examination of the pelvic cavity. Testicular diseases will be
Lesson 14
Slide 1 The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones, controlling a wide range of vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproductive cycle, sensory perception, movement, sexual development, hydrosaline exchange, blood pressure, stress reactions. Slide 2 The educational objectives of
Lesson 13
Slide 1 Secondary hypertension accounts for about 10% of hypertension cases in adults. Parenchymal chronic renal disease, chronic obstructive nephropathy and renovascular disease are common causes of secondary hypertension, whereas the kidney can be either a hypertension cause or a organ
Lesson 12
Slide 1 Complicated or complex cysts, parenchymal changes, correlated with chronic infections, obstructive diseases with reflux, hematuria, non-specific lumbar pain, or some congenital malformations repeatedly require differential diagnosis between benign or malignant expansive lesions of the kidney. Morphological imaging is necessary to
Lesson 11
Slide 1 The kidney is one of the most important organs of the emunctory system. It controls hydro-saline balance, blood pressure, acid-base balance and mineral metabolism. It governs nitrogen catabolite excretion and actively participates in erythropoiesis regulation. Slide 2 Normal ultrasound anatomy and